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sys1=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
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pic=Composting_chamber.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
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Input1=Organics|Input2=Excreta|Input3=Faeces| Input4= Dry Cleansing Materials |Input5=|Output1=Compost/Ecohumus | Output2= Effluent| Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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|[[Image:Composting_chamber.png |right|500px]]
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[[Image:Icon_composting_chamber.png |right|80px]]
'''Composting refers to the process by which biodegradable components are biologically decomposed by microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) under aerobic conditions. A composting chamber is designed to convert excreta and organics into compost. Compost is a stable, inoffensive product that can be safely handled and used as a soil conditioner.'''
This technology usually requires four main parts:
# an access door to remove the mature product.
Excreta, organics, food waste and bulking material (such as wood chips, sawdust, ash or paper) are mixed in the chamber. There are four factors that ensure the good functioning of the system: (a) sufficient oxygen, provided by active or passive aeration; (b) proper moisture (ideally 45 to 70% moisture content); (c) internal (heap) temperature of 40 to 50 °C (achieved by proper chamber dimensioning); and (d) a 25:1 C:N ratio (theoretically) which can be adjusted by adding bulking material as a carbon source. In practice, these optimal conditions are difficult to maintain. As a result, the output product is often not sufficiently stabilized and sanitized, and requires further
treatment.
===Design Considerations=== A Composting Chamber composting chamber can be designed in various configurations and constructed above or below ground, indoors or with a separate superstructure. UDDT A design value of 300 L/person/year can be used as to calculate the required chamber volume. Ventilation channels (air ducts) under the heap can be beneficial for aeration. More complex designs can include a small ventilation fan, a User Interface mechanical mixer, or multiple compartments to allow for specifically designed Composting Chambersincreased storage and degradation time. Anal Cleansing Water should not be added A sloped bottom and a chamber for compost withdrawal facilitate access to the composting chamber as it could cause anaerobic conditions, foul smells and reduced collection capacityfinal product. There are four factors that will A drainage system is important to ensure the good functioning removal of leachate. Excessive ammonia from urine inhibits the system: #sufficient air microbial processes in the chamber. The use of a [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet | Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet]] (oxygen)UDDT, provided by active aeration (pumped airU.2) or passive aeration;#proper moisture [[Urinal | Urinal]] (ideally moisture content should be between 45–70%);#internal (heapU.3) temperature of 40–50°C (can be controlled with proper chamber dimensioning); and#a 25:1 carbon to nitrogen ratio (theoretically) which can be adjusted by adding an external source of carbon such as toilet paper, wood chipstherefore, and/or vegetable scraps. It is appropriate to assume a design value improve the quality of 300L/person/ year to calculate the required chamber volumecompost.
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{{procontable | pro=
- The compost that is removed is safe to handle and Significant reduction in pathogens <br>- Compost can be used as a soil conditioner. <br> - Can help reduce the volume of solid waste generated by diverting organic material into the composting unit. No real problems with flies or odours if used and maintained correctly <br> - Can Organic solid waste can be built and repaired with locally available materials managed concurrently <br> - Long service life. <br> - No real problems with flies or odours Low operating costs if used correctly. <br> self-emptied | con=- LowRequires well-moderate capital costs depending on emptying; low operating costs. trained user or service personnel for monitoring and maintenance <br> - High reduction of pathogens. Compost might require further treatment before use <br> - Does not require constant source of water. | con=- Leachate requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge. <br> - Requires expert design and construction supervision. <br> - May require some specialized parts and electricity <br> - May require long start up time. Requires constant source of organics <br>- Manual removal of compost is required
}}
===Appropriateness===
Since this technology is compact and waterless, it is especially suited in areas where land and water are limited, or when there is a need for compost. It can also be installed in rocky areas, or where the groundwater table is high. In cold climates, a composting chamber should be indoors to ensure that low temperatures do not impede the microbial processes. This technology cannot be used for the collection of anal cleansing water or greywater; if the reactor becomes too wet, anaerobic conditions will cause odour problems and improper degradation.
==Adequacy=Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Although simple in theoryIf the composting chamber is well designed, Composting Chambers are the users will not always easy to operate. The moisture must be controlled have to prevent anaerobic conditions, the ratio of carbon and nitrogen must be well balanced and the volume of the unit must be such that handle the temperature of material during the compost pile remains between 40 to 50°Cfirst year. However, once the A well-functioning composting process chamber should notproduce odours. If there is well establishedample bulking material and good ventilation, the system is quite robust. Depending on the design, Composting Chambers can there should be used indoors no problems with flies or other insects. When removing the comfort and convenience of a flush toilet. This technology is appropriate to almost all areasfinal product, but since it is compact and waterless, it is especially suited to warm climates and advisable to areas where land and water are limited. In colder climates, a Composting Chamber can also be used indoors wear protective clothing to ensure that low temperatures do not impede the composting process. A Composting Chamber cannot be used for the Collection and Storage/ Treatment of anal cleansing water or greywater; if the reactor becomes too wet, anaerobic conditions will form and there will be problems prevent contact with odour and improper degradation(partially) composted material. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
===Upgrading===
A simple Composting Chamber can be upgraded to include a small ventilation fan, a mechanical mixer, or multiple compartments to allow for increased storage and degradation time.
==Maintenance=Field experiences= ==The following projects utilize composting chamber methods.<br>{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 40%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 789.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/789/ RSR Project 789]<br>MWA-LAP: <br>Colombia</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/789/ ]] |[[Image:project 790.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/790/ RSR Project 790]<br>WaSH program in <br>Rural Bangladesh</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/790/ ]] |}
===References===
* Elizabeth Tilley etDel Porto, D. and Steinfeld, C.al (20081999). [http://wwwThe Composting Toilet System Book.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems , an Alternative to Sewer and Technologies] Septic Systems ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]Book). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]CEPP) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems, Concord, MA, US.)
* Del PortoHill, DG. B., Baldwin, S. A. and SteinfeldVinnerås, CB. (19992013). The [http://sustainablesummits.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Hill-Baldwin-Vinneras-2013-Composting Toilet System Book-Toilets-Misnomer-PUB. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining pdf Composting Toilet Systems, Toilets a WaterMisnomer: Excessive Ammonia from Urine Inhibits Microbial Activity yet Is Insufficient in Sanitizing the End-Saving, Pollution-Preventing AlternativeProduct]. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention Journal of Environmental Management 119 (CEPP2013), Concord, Massachusetts. (Comprehensive installation and maintenance for pre: 29-fabricated units35.)
* DrescherJenkins, SJ., Zurbrügg, C(2005)., Enayetullah, I. and Singha, MADThe Humanure Handbook. A Guide to Composting Human Manure (2006Book). Decentralised Composting for Cities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries – A User’s Manual3rd Ed. Eawag/Sandec and Waste ConcernJenkins Publishing, Grove City, PA, Dhaka. Available: http://www.sandecUS.ch
* Jenkins, JU.S. EPA (1999). The Humanure Handbook-2nd Edition[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/200044ES. Jenkins Publishing, Grove City, PA, USATXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995+Thru+1999&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C95thru99%5CTxt%5C00000015%5C200044ES. Available: http:txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/wwwi425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet. Composting Toilets]. EPA 832-F-99-066. U.jenkinspublishingS.com (TheoryEnvironmental Protection Agency, Washington, historyD.C., and do-it-yourself guide to composting toiletsUS.)