<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Human- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->Powered_Emptying_and_Transport|french_link=Vidange_et_Transport_manuels|spanish_link=Vaciado_y_Transporte_por_Fuerza_Humana|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|
sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits |2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pits without Sludge Production |3]]|
sys4=[[ Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6=|[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport| 7]]|
sys7=|
sys8=|
picsys9=Human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Dried Faeces faeces |Input3=Compost/EcoHumus | Input4=Blackwater Pit Humus |Input5=|Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Dried Faeces faeces | Output3= Compost/EcoHumus | Output4=Blackwater Pit Humus | Output5=
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'''Human-powered Emptying emptying and Transport transport refers to the different ways in by which people can manually empty and/or transport sludge and septagesolid products generated in onsite sanitation facilities.'''
[[Image:MAPET_and_Vacutug_system.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[MAPET and Vacutug system |MAPET and Vacutug system]], in Tanzania (for credits, click the picture)]]
Human-powered Emptying and Transport emptying of pits , vaults and tanks refers to several thingscan be done in one of two ways:# using buckets and shovels, or# using a portable, manually operated pump specially designed for sludge (e.g., the Gulper, the Rammer, the MDHP or the MAPET).
* using Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manually, for example, the [[Fossa Alterna]] (S.5) or [[Dehydration Vaults]] (S.7). These technologies must be emptied with a shovel because the material is solid and cannot be removed with a vacuum or a pump. When sludge is viscous or watery it should be emptied with a hand pump or a vacuum truck, and not with buckets because of the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumes, and exposure to unsanitized sludge. Manual sludge pumps are relatively new inventions and shovels;have shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other emptying techniques are not possible.
* using a ===Design Considerations=== Sludge hand pumps, such as the Gulper, work on the same concept as water hand-pump specially designed for pumps: the bottom of the pipe is lowered into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface. As the operator pushes and pulls the handle, the sludge (e.gis pumped up and is then discharged through the discharge spout. The sludge can be collected in barrels, bags or carts, and removed from the Pooh Pump or site with little danger to the Gulper); operator. Hand pumps can be locally made with steel rods andvalves in a PVC casing.
* using a portable, manually operated pump (e.g. MAPET: Manual Pit Emptying Technology). * using a pushcart sludge pumps like the Pooh Pump or tricycle to transport containers the Gulper are relatively new inventions and oil drums containing urine and excreta. ===Pumps===Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manuallyhave shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for examplesludge emptying where, because of access, the [[Fossa Alterna]] safety or [[Dehydration Vaults]]economics, other sludge emptying techniques are not possible. These technologies must be emptied with The pump works on the same concept as a shovel because water pump: the material handle is solid pumped, the liquid (sludge) rises up through the bottom of the pump and cannot is forced out of a tap (sludge spout). Hand-pumps can be removed made locally with steels rods and valves in a vacuum or a pumpPVC casing. When sludge The bottom of the pipe is viscous or watery it should be emptied with a hand-lowered down into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface to operate the pump, a MAPET or a vacuum truck, thus removing the need for someone to enter the pit. As the operator pushes and not with buckets because of pulls the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumeshandle, the sludge is pumped up through the main shaft and exposure to is then discharged through the unsanitized sludgeV-shaped discharge spout. The type of emptying sludge that is discharged canbe collected in barrels, bags or carts, and should be employed, is very specific removed from the site with little mess or danger to the technology that needs emptyingoperator.
Manual sludge pumps like the Pooh Pump or the Gulper are relatively new inventions and have shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because A MAPET (MAnual Pit Emptying Technology) consists of access, safety or economics, other sludge emptying techniques are not possible. The a manually operated pump works connected to a vacuum tank mounted on the same concept as a water pump: pushcart. A hose is connected to the handle tank and is pumped, used to suck sludge from the liquid (sludge) rises up through pit. When the bottom wheel of the hand pump and is forced turned, air is sucked out of a tap (the vacuum tank and sludge spout). Hand-pumps can be made locally with steels rods and valves in a PVC casing. The bottom of the pipe is lowered down sucked up into the pit/tank while . Depending on the operator remains at consistency of the surface to operate sludge, the MAPET can pump, thus removing the need for someone up to enter the pita height of 3 m. As the operator pushes and pulls A motorized version of the handle, the sludge MAPET is pumped up through the main shaft [[Motorized Emptying and is then discharged through the VTransport#Vacutug|Vacutug]], developed by UN-shaped discharge spout. The sludge that is discharged can be collected in barrels, bags or carts, and removed from the site with little mess or danger to the operatorHabitat.
A MAPET consists ====Gulper====One example of such a pump is The Gulper. This is a simple hand pump connected used to a vacuum tank mounted on a pushcartempty wet pit latrines and drain interceptor tanks. It consists of PVC pipes for the body, and stainless steel valves and puller rod. A hose The Gulper is connected to lowered into the tank pit with a footrest at ground-level. The operator raises and is used to suck lowers a puller rod, which pushes the sludge from the pit up through a pitpipe into a bucket or bag. When Using the hand pump is turnedgulper, air is sucked out of operators no longer need to climb into the vacuum tank pits and come in contact with the septic sludge . It is sucked up into the tankalso much less time consuming as it removes around 3 litres of sludge per stroke. Depending on the consistency It is a cheaper method of improving sanitation, than trying to replace the sludge, pits by proper latrines. For more [http://www.ideas-at-work.org/images/pdf/Gulper_pit_emptying_device.pdf information about the MAPET can pump up to a height of 3mGulper].
====Cartage systems==[[Image:Cartage_systems.png|thumb|right|150px|[[Cartage system |Cartage system]], motorized tricycle in India (for credits, click the picture)]]==
Tricycles and push carts can be used to transport containers and oil drums containing urine or excreta. Push carts and tricycles (pedal or motorised) can access small streets. Tricycles can speed up the collection operation and increase the radius of the collection in urban areas, transporting the containers to transfer stations or to community treatment facilities. From transfer stations, urine and excreta can be loaded onto trucks or tractors, which can haul a larger volume over a long distance. Tricycles can collect door to door, although urine can also be collected in larger containers serving a number of houses.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Potential for local job creation and income generation.<br>- Can access small streets <br>- Not dependent on large, cost-intensive infrastructure. <br> - Gulper Simple hand pumps can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Low to moderate capitalcosts; variable operating costs depending on discharge point (sludge transport over 0.5km is impractical). distance <br> - Provides service services to unsewered areas/communities. <br> - Easy to clean and reusable. without sewers| con=- Spills may can happen. which could pose potential health risks and generate offensive smells <br> - Time consuming: emptying pits out can take several hours/days depending on the their size of the pit. <br> - Garbage in pits may block pipe <br>- MAPET requires some Some devices may require specialized repair (welding). <br>-Highly depending on willingness to pay for regular removal of excreta. <br>- Cartage systems are only appropriate for small haul distances and small volumes.
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===Appropriateness===
[[Image:Cartage_systems.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Cartage system |Cartage system]], motorized tricycle in India (for credits, click the picture)]]
==Adequacy== Hand-pumps are appropriate can be used for areas that are either not served by vacuum trucksliquid and, to a certain degree, where vacuumtruck viscous sludge. Domestic refuse in the pit makes emptying is too costlymuch more difficult. The pumping of sludge, which contains coarse solid wastes or where narrow streets and poor roads may limit the ability grease, can lead to clogging of a vacuum truck to access the sitedevice, and chemical additives can corrode pipes, pumps and tanks. The hand-pump is a significant improvement over the bucket method and could prove to be a sustainable business opportunity in some regions. The MAPET is also well suited to dense, urban and informal settlements, although in both cases, the distance to a suitable sludge discharge point is a limiting factor. These technologies are more feasible when there is a [[Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|Transfer Station]] or [[Sewer Discharge Station]] nearby. One government-run emptying programme implemented a manual emptying scheme with great success by providing employment to community members with adequate protection and an appropriate wage. Pushcarts and tricycles are especially appropriate in flat urban areas, with access roads. Pushcarts and tricycles are not appropriate for collecting large volumes (> 300 litre, > 300 kg) or for longer distances. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== Depending on cultural factors and political support, manual emptiers may be viewed as providing an important service to the community. Government-run programmes should strive to legitimize the work of the labourer and help improve the social climate by providing permits, licences and helping to legalize of the practice of manually emptying latrines. The most important aspect of manual emptying is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with gloves, boots, overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should be required for everyone working with sludge. ==Upgrading== To save time, vacuum trucks can be used rather than manual labour if it is appropriate and/or available.
==Maintenance==Manually operated sludge pumps are appropriate for areas that are not served or not accessible by vacuum trucks, or where vacuum truck emptying is too costly. They are well suited to dense, urban and informal settlements, although the type and size of transport vehicle determines the feasible distance to the discharge point. Large vehicles may not be able to manoeuvre within narrow streets and alleys, while smaller vehicles may not be able to travel long distances. These technologies are more feasible when there is a [[Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank | Transfer Station]] (C.7) nearby.
The MAPET ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Depending on cultural factors and Sludge Pumps require daily maintenance (cleaningpolitical support, repairing and desinfection). Workers that manually empty latrines should clean and maintain their protective clothing and tools workers dealing with manual emptying may be viewed as providing an important service to prevent contact with the sludgecommunity. If manual access Government-run programmes should strive to legitimize the contents work of a pit require breaking open the slablabourers and create an enabling environment by providing permits and licences, it may be more cost effective as well as helping to use a Gulper to empty legalize the latrinepractice of emptying latrines manually. The Gulper cannot empty the entire pit and therefore, most important aspect of manual emptying may be required more frequently (once a year)is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with gloves, howeverboots, this may overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should be a cheaper alternative than replacing a broken slabrequired for everyone working with sludge.
===Operation & Maintenance===
It is a common practice to add chemicals or oil during the pit emptying process to avoid odours. This is not recommended, however, because it causes difficulties in the subsequent treatment units, as well as additional health threats to the workers. If manual access to the contents of a pit requires demolishing the slab, it may be more cost-effective to use a manual sludge pump to empty the latrine. However, hand pumps cannot empty the entire pit and, therefore, emptying may be required more frequently (once a year).
==References==Manually operated sludge pumps require daily maintenance (cleaning, repairing and disinfection). Workers who manually empty latrines should clean and maintain their protective clothing and tools to prevent contact with the sludge.
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)===References===
* Eales, K. (2005). Bringing [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/bringing-pit -emptying -out-darkness-comparison-approaches-durban-south-africa-and-kibera Bringing Pit Emptying out of the darknessDarkness: A comparison Comparison of approaches Approaches in Durban, South Africa, and Kibera, Kenya]. Building partnerships Partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation, London, UK. Available: http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org (A comparison of two manual emptying projects.)
* Ideas at Work (2007). [https://sswm.info/node/2304 The ‘Gulper’ – a manual latrineManual Latrine/drain pit pumpDrain Pit Pump]. Ideas at Work, Cambodia. Available: http://www.ideas-at-workPhnom Penh, KH.org
* Muller, M. and Rijnsburger, J. (1994). [https://fr.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Muller-1994-MAPET.pdf MAPET. Manual Pit-latrine Emptying Technology Project]. Development and pilot implementation Pilot Implementation of a neighbourhood based pit emptying service Neighbourhood Based Pit Emptying Service with locally manufactured handpump equipment Locally Manufactured Handpump Equipment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1988–1992. WASTE Consultants, NetherlandsGouda, NL.
* Oxfam (n2008).d[http://www.)desludging. org/ Manual Desludging Hand Pump (MDHP) Resources]. OxfamGB, Oxford, UK. Available: http://desludging.org
* Pickford, J. and Shaw, R. (1997). Emptying [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/technical-brief-no-54-emptying-latrine -pits, Waterlines, 16(2): 15–18. (Technical Brief, No. 54). Available: http://wwwEmptying Pit Latrines].lboro.acWEDC, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.uk
* Sugden, S. (n.d.). Excreta Management in Unplanned Areas. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Available===Acknowledgements==={{: http://siteresources.worldbank.orgAcknowledgements Sanitation}}